5,012 research outputs found
Unsupervised feature learning by augmenting single images
When deep learning is applied to visual object recognition, data augmentation
is often used to generate additional training data without extra labeling cost.
It helps to reduce overfitting and increase the performance of the algorithm.
In this paper we investigate if it is possible to use data augmentation as the
main component of an unsupervised feature learning architecture. To that end we
sample a set of random image patches and declare each of them to be a separate
single-image surrogate class. We then extend these trivial one-element classes
by applying a variety of transformations to the initial 'seed' patches. Finally
we train a convolutional neural network to discriminate between these surrogate
classes. The feature representation learned by the network can then be used in
various vision tasks. We find that this simple feature learning algorithm is
surprisingly successful, achieving competitive classification results on
several popular vision datasets (STL-10, CIFAR-10, Caltech-101).Comment: ICLR 2014 workshop track submission (7 pages, 4 figures, 1 table
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Inward FDI in Germany and its policy context
With a stable economic and political system, open capital markets, the largest domestic market in Europe, and European Union (EU) membership, Germany has attracted competitive and export-oriented multinational enterprises (MNEs) since the 1960s. In the 1990s—after German unification and the opening up of Eastern Europe—inward foreign direct investment (IFDI) grew more slowly than expected despite the increased market potential. In recent years, the German economy strengthened and the wage and cost gaps against its main competitors narrowed, contributing to higher IFDI. With the financial and economic crises, German IFDI declined considerably in 2008 but started to rise again in 2009. At the end of 2008, Germany ranked among the top four developed countries as host for IFDI. Germany's open investment regime was tightened in 2009, in reaction to the emergence of sovereign wealth funds (SWFs)
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Outward FDI from Germany and its policy context: update 2011
In 2010, German companies strongly increased their investments in foreign affiliates, with outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) flows having reached their third highest value on record (US 171 billion in 2007 will be hard to achieve. The German Government has continued to support the internationalization process of the German corporate sector by expanding its network of bilateral investment treaties and providing financial support and information services
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Inward FDI in Germany and its policy context: Update 2011
During the 2009 worldwide financial and economic crisis, Germany kept its position as the fourth largest host economy for inward foreign direct investment (IFDI) among developed countries, although its IFDI stock measured in Euros decreased slightly due to valuation effects. IFDI flows strongly rose that year and further increased in 2010, reflecting the improved financial position of multinational enterprises (MNEs) operating in Germany and the strong economic upswing of the German economy at that time. In the first half of 2011, IFDI flows were low, as foreign parent companies sharply cut intra-company lending to their German affiliates. Economic reforms in recent years have further improved the attractiveness of Germany as a business location, reflected in excellent international competitiveness rankings. But, the ongoing European debt crisis and the economic slowdown of the European economy could dampen IFDI in the second half of 2011 and in 2012
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Inward FDI in Germany and its policy context, 2012
In 2011 and the first half of 2012, inward FDI (IFDI) flows to Germany continued to be relatively strong. Germany attracte market-seeking MNEs, as its economy showed remarkable economic growth despite the ongoing problems in many other countries of the Eurozone. In the
second half of 2012, IFDI flows turned sharply negative, declining for the year as a whole to only US 49 billion in 2011. This decline reflects the difficult financial situation of many companies, including banks in the Eurozone, and could also dampen
inflows in 2013. In the longer-term, Germany could profit again from rising FDI as its economy has successfully implemented reforms over the past decade, and the German Government has continued to keep its investment policy regime open
Power-Based Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Using a Single Multi-Mode Antenna
Phased antenna arrays are widely used for direction-of-arrival (DoA)
estimation. For low-cost applications, signal power or received signal strength
indicator (RSSI) based approaches can be an alternative. However, they usually
require multiple antennas, a single antenna that can be rotated, or switchable
antenna beams. In this paper we show how a multi-mode antenna (MMA) can be used
for power-based DoA estimation. Only a single MMA is needed and neither
rotation nor switching of antenna beams is required. We derive an estimation
scheme as well as theoretical bounds and validate them through simulations. It
is found that power-based DoA estimation with an MMA is feasible and accurate
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小题大做? 国有控股实体与德国投资法的修改
尽管德国在2009年收缩了其外国投资政策,来应对日益重要的国家控制实体和国家安全的顾虑,但是其仍然对FDI保持开放。目前,德国政府谨慎实施新法案,德国投资法修改的实际影响还是未知数
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Much ado about nothing? State-controlled entities and the change in German investment law
Despite a tightening of German foreign investment law in 2009 in reaction to the growing importance of state controlled entities and national security concerns, Germany has remained open for FDI. So far German authorities have handled the new law carefully. But, was the change necessary
Polarimetry of Water Ice Particles Providing Insights on Grain Size and Degree of Sintering on Icy Planetary Surfaces
The polarimetry of the light scattered by planetary surfaces is a powerful
tool to provide constraints on their microstructure. To improve the
interpretation of polarimetric data from icy surfaces, we have developed the
POLarimeter for ICE Samples (POLICES) complementing the measurement facilities
of the Ice Laboratory at the University of Bern. The new setup uses a high
precision Stokes polarimeter to measure the degree of polarization in the
visible light scattered by surfaces at moderate phase angles (from 1.5 to
30{\deg}). We present the photometric and polarimetric phase curves measured on
various surfaces made of pure water ice particles having well-controlled size
and shape (spherical, crushed, frost). The results show how the amplitude and
the shape of the negative polarization branch change with the particles sizes
and the degree of metamorphism of the ice. We found that fresh frost formed by
water condensation on cold surfaces has a phase curve characterized by
resonances (Mie oscillations) indicating that frost embryos are transparent
micrometer-sized particles with a narrow size distribution and spherical shape.
Comparisons of these measurements with polarimetric observations of the icy
satellites of the Solar System suggest that Europa is possibly covered by
relatively coarser (~40-400 {\mu}m) and more sintered grains than Enceladus and
Rhea, more likely covered by frost-like particles of few micrometers in
average. The great sensitivity of polarization to grain size and degree of
sintering makes it an ideal tool to detect hints of ongoing processes on icy
planetary surfaces, such as cryovolcanism.Comment: 36 pages, 1 table, 11 figures, 2 data sets, accepted in Journal of
Geophysical Research: Planet
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